Parts of Speech
PARTS OF SPEECH
DEFINITION
The words
are divided into different kinds or classes according to purpose of their use.
These kinds are called “parts of speech”.
NOUN
“The name
of some person, place, thing or idea is called noun” e.g. Ali, Town, Dog, Table,
Islam, Book …….
Kinds
1. Common Noun
“It is the
common name of all things of one kind”. Village, Man, City, country, boy, book,
car, doctor, driver etc.
2. Proper Noun
“It is the
name of a particular (proper) person, place etc.” Ali, Lahore , Pakistan
3. Collective Noun
“It is the
name of a group of persons animals etc, taken as one complete whole”. Nation,
fleet, bundle, party, navy, flock, jury, police, committee.
Assembly (a
group of M.N. as or MRAs)
Class (a
group of students)
Crowd (a
group of people)
Army (a
group of soldiers)
Herd (a
group of animals)
Team ( a
group of players)
4. Material Noun
“It is the
name of matter or substance of which things are made”. Water, milk, wood, rice,
cotton, wheat, cloth, sugar, glass, rubber, gold, silver, iron, brass, flour
etc.
5. Abstract Noun
“It is the
name of some quality, state, action or idea”.
Quality: Honesty, beauty, cleverness, colour,
bravery, timidity, intelligence, wisdom, politeness, badness, dishonesty,
ugliness, dullness, ability, generosity, innocence, simplicity etc.
State
Coldness,
hotness, darkness, richness, poverty, hunger, thrust, life, death, childhood,
youth, patience, hardness, softness, fatness.
Action
Arrival,
departure, laughter, movement, revenge, sale, race, gait, punishment, hatred,
love, marriage, discussion, addition, division, development, practice,
decision.
Idea
Knowledge,
Islam, democracy, socialism, thought.
6. Verbal Noun
“It can be
used as a verb in one sentence and as a noun in the ether. Thus it is verb as
well as noun.”
Gerund
1st
form + ing = (verb and noun combined)
We are walking
in the garden (V)
Walking is a good
habit (n)
The driver
is driving the car carelessly (v)
Driving is a
difficult job. (n)
He is
swimming in the river. (v)
Swimming is his
hobby. (n)
It started raining. He is used to (given to) drinking. He
is interested in playing Hockey.
Infinitive
To + 1st
form (verb and noun combined)
How to walk
in the dark? (v)
To walk in the
eveining is a healthy activity. (n)
It began to
rain. I want to help you. I wanted you to help him. He is to
go to bazaar. He has to go to bazaar. He is too weak to walk.
He is rich enough to buy a car. He knows how to swim.
Note: Gerund &
Infinitive are called double parts of speech.
PRONOUN
Definition
“The word
used in place of a noun is called pronoun” e.g. I, you, he, them, her, it, we……
Kinds
1. Personal Pronoun
The words
used in place of names of persons are called personal pronouns”.
|
Person
|
Subj.
Case
|
Obj. case
|
Poss.
Case
|
|
1st
person pronoun
|
I, we
|
Me, us
|
My, our,
mine, ours
|
|
2nd
// //
|
You
|
You
|
Your,
yours
|
|
3rd
// //
|
He, she,
it, they
|
Him, her,
it, them
|
His, her,
its, hers, their, theirs
|
2. Reflexive Pronoun
“They
emphasize persons”. Myself, ourselves, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
themselves.
3. Demonstrative Pron
“It points
out a thing (or things) or a person (persons) this, that, three, those, such,
one, none,
1)
Your coat is black; nine is a white one
2)
Work and play are both necessary to health; this gives
us pleasure and that gives us energy.
3)
You have a book but I have none.
4)
Kings are made such by law “Which is your book?” I
asked him. He replied, “that”. God helps these who help themselves.
4. Interrogative Pron
“It is used
to ask questions”.
What, who, which,
whose, whom, [who is knocking at the door?
Whom do you
want to see? What is your name?
Whose is
this pen? Which is her book?
5. Relative Pron
“It does
the work of a conjunction as well as a pronoun”.
I know who
you are. Tell me what you need I met the shopkeeper who lives near my home. God
helps those who help themselves; What, Whose, Which, that. The boy who stole
the book was fined.
6. Indefinite Pron
It refers
to or person (or persons) or a thing (or things) in a general way and not to a
particular person or thing”.
All were
present. Many were injured in the accident.
Somebody is
coming. Nobody helped him.
All,
somebody, someone, something, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, noune,
nothing, anybody, anyone, anything.
7. Reciprocal Pron
“They are
used to indicate persons or things mutually affected”. One, each other, one
another.
ADJECTIVE
DEFINITION
“The word
which qualifies (adds to the meaning of) a noun or a pronoun is called
adjective.”
Brave soldier, honest
slop keeper, these books, Pakistani culture.
KINDS
1) Proper Adjective
“It is
derived from proper noun and it qualifies a noun or a pronoun.”
Pakistani people, Japanese
car, Indian film, Turkish cap, Peshawri chappal.
2) Possessive Adjective
“It shows
possession or intimate relationship of a noun”.
My pen, our country, her husband. My, our,
your, his, her, their, its
3) Descriptive Adjective
“It tells us about
the quality or state of a person or thing.”
Young man, cold water, brave soldier, healthy player, intelligent student, bad boy, dear friend, rich man.
4) Quantitative Adjective
“It tells us about
the quantity of a thing.”
Some sugar, a
lot of trouble, much tea, enough time, little milk, a little, the little, any water, the whole night, half profit.
5) Numeral Adjective
“It shows number or
order of things.”
One, two, three,
four ……….. (Sixty boys)
First, second,
third, fourth, fifth ………. (Tenth chapter)
Single,
double.………….. (single chance)
Some girls, many children, few, a few, the few, a few boys.
6) Distributive Adjective
“It is used while
distributing things or separating lots”.
Every book, each boy, either student, neither team
7) Demonstrative Adjective
“It qualifies a noun
or a pronoun such a way that it points out the things or persons”.
This boy, that
girl, these tables, those chairs, such people.
8) Interrogative Adjective
“It is used for
asking questions”.
Which book, whose pen, what idea.
9) Verbal Adjective or Participle
“It can be used as a
verb in one sentence and as an adjective in the other. Thus it is or verb and
adjective combined.”
a) Present Participle : 1st
form + ing
The driver was driving the car carelessly. (V)
I have a driving licence. (Adj)
This book is interesting me. (V)
That was an interesting match. (Adj)
They have been abusing him for nothing. (V)
Seeing him, I cannot help laughing. (V)
I saw a man carrying a monkey. (Adj)
Swimming boy is my friend. (Adj)
He is swimming in the river. (V)
I saw him drinking. (V)
I found her reading. (V)
This is a reading room. (Adj)
Playing children make great noise. (Adj)
He is playing Hockey. (V)
b) Past Participle : 3rd
form
He has written a letter. (V)
Give me the written statement. (Adj)
The gov’t. has retired him. (V)
Ali is a retired major. (Adj)
This glass is broken by the servant. (V)
This is a broken chair. (Adj)
I heard a beautiful song sung by Nahid Akhtar. (V)
Note: Gerund, infinitive and participle are called double parts of
speech.
VERB
DEFINITION
“This is a word
which expresses an action performed or suffered by the subject or a state
experienced by the subject.” OR
it shows that a
person or thing neamed in the subject is, does or suffers something. He reads a book. Ali is my friend.
KINDS
1)
Main or principal verb
It denotes an action or state (existence) of the subject.
Go-went-gone – write-wrote-written – look-looked-looked.
He is ill. She went there.
2)
Helping or Auxiliary Verb
It helps us to complete a sentence. Ali is writing a
letter. You will
go there. He has
finished his work.
Be, is, am, are, was, were, been, will, shall, would, should, can, could,
may, might, have, has, had.
Some times helping verbs are not accompanied by some main verb. In such
cases helping verb itself becomes main verb.
He has written
a letter. (H.V)
He has a
precious watch. (M.V)
Anwar is
reading a book. (H.V)
Jameel is my friend. (M.V)
Verbs can be classified in the following way as well.
a)
Transitive verb
The verbs which can be transformed to passive voice are called transitive
verbs.
b)
Intransitive verb
The verbs which can not be transformed to passive voice are called
intransitive verb.
PREPOSITION
DEFINITION
It shows relation of one noun or
pronoun to some other word. (V, N, Adj., Pron., etc).
Simple: at, by, with, on, in, to, from, of, off,
through, up, down, over, under, after, till, except, save.
Double: into,unto, among, against, from within.
Compound: across, amidst, behind, about, above,
before, within, without, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond.
Participle: during, regarding, owing, concerning.
Phrase: By means of, because of, in opposition
to, with a view to, instead of, with reference to.
ARTICLE
Definite Article = The
Indefinite Article = A,
An
Article is basically an adjective
that comes with noun.
A book, an apple, the boy, the
house.
INTERJECTION
DEFINITION
“It is a word (sound) to show
sudden emotion. It is denoted by = !”
Hurrah! He said, ‘Hurrah! I have passed the test.”
Alas! She said, “Alas! My husband has
died.”
Oh! He said, “Oh! “I forgot my purse at
home.”
Ah! Ali said,
“Ah! “She has left me for ever.”
Bravo!
Well done! The captain said, “Bravo! You are playing well.”
Pooh!
Pish! The rich man said, “Pooh! You are not able to
accompany me.”
Lo!
Hark! The policeman said, “Hark! The thief is
in the hall.”
Ho! The patient said, “Ho! Help me.”
What or How!
She said,
“What a beautiful bird!”
PHRASE
DEFINITION
“It is a group of words which ahs
some meaning but does not give complete sense.”
In the kitchen, on the table, at the end of the term, how
to swim, into the river, at home in.
I left my college at the end of the term. (Adverbial phrase)
The boy with the pale face is my cousin. (Adjectival phrase)
Do you know how to swim. (Noun phrase)
CLAUSE
DEFINITION
“If a large sentence consists
of two small parts (which on being separated can become two sentences), these
parts are called clauses.” Thus if two sentences on being joined, together,
make a large sentence, the two parts (sentence) are called not sentences but
clauses.
Every clause has its own verb.
Co-Ordinate Clauses
Clauses of equal rank and
capable of standing alone as simple sentences are called co-ordinate clause.
Work hard or you will fail.
Principal Clause
It contains the principal verb
of the sentence.
Sub-Ordinate Clause
It depends on another clause
to make the sense complete.
He arrived
when I was leaving.
P.C S.C
A sub-ordinate clause may be a
noun, an adj, an adv. clause according to the function it does.
I do not know what he
likes. (Noun clause)
The book that is in your
hand is mine. (Adj clause)
He will come when he has
finished. (Adv. clause)
CONJUNCTION
DEFINITION
“It is a word (or words) which
joins words phrases, clauses, or sentences.”
KINDS
1) CO-ORDINATING CONJ.
“They join co-ordinate words,
clauses or phrases of equal rank.”
He came here and he met
me. He came to see me but I was not at home.
But, and, both, also, to, as
well as, not only – but also, now, or, yet, well, either-or, neither-nor,
otherwise, else, however, whereas, therefore, than, for, both-and, as-as,
so-as, so-that.
2) SUB-ORDINATING CONJ.
“They join a subordinate (dependent)
clause to a principal clause.”
If, as, since, before, while,
when, until, unless, as, as soon as, no sooner + do / does / did. But also, as
long as, why, so long as, as much as, though-yet, lest, as if.
Ali and Aslam are friends. He
did not come to college because he was ill. He may be found in the room or at
the shop. Although he is rich yet he is greedy. No sooner did he leave the room
than it began to rain.
ADVERB
DEFINITION
“It qualifies all parts of
speech except noun and pronoun besides, it qualifies a phrase, a clause and a
sentence.”
USES
1) TO QUALIFY A VERB
He runs fast. you speak
loudly. She often comes
here. I will certainly miss you. She sings well.
2) To qualify an adj.
He is very honest man.
This officer is highly educated person. He is too weak to walk.
3) To qualify an adv.
He runs exceedingly
fast. You speak very loudly.
4) To qualify a prep.
He will come on Sunday.
5) To qualify a phrase
He will be soon out of
the room.
6) To qualify a clause
They fought only
because they wanted wealth.
7) To qualify a sentence
Now he is at home. Where
did you go? Yes, I have met him.
KINDS
1) Adverbs of Time
Now, then, before, since, ago,
already, soon, early, late, presently, immediately, again, often, usually,
always, today, yesterday, tomorrow, sometimes.
2) Adverbs of Place
Here, there, everywhere,
anywhere, nowhere, in, out, within, above, below, near, far, around, backward,
forward, outside, inside.
3) Adverbs of Manner, quality or state
Thus, so, well, ill certain,
badly, slowly, silently, sadly, happily, gladly, bravely, fast.
4) Adverbs of number
Once, twice, thrice, firstly,
secondly, thirdly, never, seldom, again, sometimes, always, often.
5) Adverbs of quantity, extent or degree
Very, much, too, enough,
quite, almost, little, a little, the little, rather, somewhat, half, partly,
wholly.
6) Adverbs of Affirmation and negation
Yes, no, not, not at all, by
all means.
7) Interrogative Adverbs
When, why, how long, how
often, how, where, how for
8) Relative adverbs
As, how, then, when, where,
while, why, whereas.
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