Parts of Speech

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PARTS OF SPEECH
DEFINITION
The words are divided into different kinds or classes according to purpose of their use. These kinds are called “parts of speech”.

NOUN

“The name of some person, place, thing or idea is called noun” e.g. Ali, Town, Dog, Table, Islam, Book …….

Kinds

1. Common Noun

“It is the common name of all things of one kind”. Village, Man, City, country, boy, book, car, doctor, driver etc.

2. Proper Noun

“It is the name of a particular (proper) person, place etc.” Ali, Lahore, Pakistan, Bang-e-Dara, etc.

3. Collective Noun

“It is the name of a group of persons animals etc, taken as one complete whole”. Nation, fleet, bundle, party, navy, flock, jury, police, committee.
Assembly (a group of M.N. as or MRAs)
Class (a group of students)
Crowd (a group of people)
Army (a group of soldiers)
Herd (a group of animals)
Team ( a group of players)

4. Material Noun

“It is the name of matter or substance of which things are made”. Water, milk, wood, rice, cotton, wheat, cloth, sugar, glass, rubber, gold, silver, iron, brass, flour etc.

5. Abstract Noun

“It is the name of some quality, state, action or idea”.
Quality:      Honesty, beauty, cleverness, colour, bravery, timidity, intelligence, wisdom, politeness, badness, dishonesty, ugliness, dullness, ability, generosity, innocence, simplicity etc.

State

Coldness, hotness, darkness, richness, poverty, hunger, thrust, life, death, childhood, youth, patience, hardness, softness, fatness.

Action

Arrival, departure, laughter, movement, revenge, sale, race, gait, punishment, hatred, love, marriage, discussion, addition, division, development, practice, decision.

Idea

Knowledge, Islam, democracy, socialism, thought.

6. Verbal Noun

“It can be used as a verb in one sentence and as a noun in the ether. Thus it is verb as well as noun.”

Gerund

1st form + ing = (verb and noun combined)
We are walking in the garden (V)
Walking is a good habit (n)
The driver is driving the car carelessly (v)
Driving is a difficult job. (n)
He is swimming in the river. (v)
Swimming is his hobby. (n)
It started raining. He is used to (given to) drinking. He is interested in playing Hockey.

Infinitive

To + 1st form (verb and noun combined)
How to walk in the dark? (v)
To walk in the eveining is a healthy activity. (n)
It began to rain. I want to help you. I wanted you to help him. He is to go to bazaar. He has to go to bazaar. He is too weak to walk. He is rich enough to buy a car. He knows how to swim.

Note: Gerund & Infinitive are called double parts of speech.

PRONOUN

Definition

“The word used in place of a noun is called pronoun” e.g. I, you, he, them, her, it, we……

Kinds

1. Personal Pronoun

The words used in place of names of persons are called personal pronouns”.
Person
Subj. Case
Obj. case
Poss. Case
1st person pronoun
I, we
Me, us
My, our, mine, ours
2nd // //
You
You
Your, yours
3rd // //
He, she, it, they
Him, her, it, them
His, her, its, hers, their, theirs

2. Reflexive Pronoun

“They emphasize persons”. Myself, ourselves, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves.

3. Demonstrative Pron

“It points out a thing (or things) or a person (persons) this, that, three, those, such, one, none,
1)                Your coat is black; nine is a white one
2)                Work and play are both necessary to health; this gives us pleasure and that gives us energy.
3)                You have a book but I have none.
4)                Kings are made such by law “Which is your book?” I asked him. He replied, “that”. God helps these who help themselves.

4. Interrogative Pron

“It is used to ask questions”.
What, who, which, whose, whom, [who is knocking at the door?
Whom do you want to see? What is your name?
Whose is this pen? Which is her book?

5. Relative Pron

“It does the work of a conjunction as well as a pronoun”.
I know who you are. Tell me what you need I met the shopkeeper who lives near my home. God helps those who help themselves; What, Whose, Which, that. The boy who stole the book was fined.

6. Indefinite Pron

It refers to or person (or persons) or a thing (or things) in a general way and not to a particular person or thing”.
All were present. Many were injured in the accident.
Somebody is coming. Nobody helped him.
All, somebody, someone, something, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, noune, nothing, anybody, anyone, anything.

7. Reciprocal Pron

“They are used to indicate persons or things mutually affected”. One, each other, one another.



ADJECTIVE

DEFINITION

“The word which qualifies (adds to the meaning of) a noun or a pronoun is called adjective.”
Brave soldier, honest slop keeper, these books, Pakistani culture.

KINDS

1)      Proper Adjective
“It is derived from proper noun and it qualifies a noun or a pronoun.”
Pakistani people, Japanese car, Indian film, Turkish cap, Peshawri chappal.

2)      Possessive Adjective
“It shows possession or intimate relationship of a noun”.

My pen, our country, her husband. My, our, your, his, her, their, its

 

3)      Descriptive Adjective

“It tells us about the quality or state of a person or thing.”

Young man, cold water, brave soldier, healthy player, intelligent student, bad boy, dear friend, rich man.

 

4)      Quantitative Adjective

“It tells us about the quantity of a thing.”

Some sugar, a lot of trouble, much tea, enough time, little milk, a little, the little, any water, the whole night, half profit.

 

5)      Numeral Adjective

“It shows number or order of things.”

One, two, three, four ………..  (Sixty  boys)

First, second, third, fourth, fifth ………. (Tenth chapter)

Single, double.…………..        (single chance)

Some girls, many children, few, a few, the few, a few boys.

 

6)      Distributive Adjective

“It is used while distributing things or separating lots”.

Every book, each boy, either student, neither team

 

7)      Demonstrative Adjective

“It qualifies a noun or a pronoun such a way that it points out the things or persons”.

This boy, that  girl, these         tables, those chairs, such people.

 

8)      Interrogative Adjective

“It is used for asking questions”.

Which book, whose pen, what idea.

 

9)      Verbal Adjective or Participle

“It can be used as a verb in one sentence and as an adjective in the other. Thus it is or verb and adjective combined.”

 

a)      Present Participle          :        1st form + ing

          The driver was driving the car carelessly.  (V)

          I have a driving licence. (Adj)

          This book is interesting me.    (V)

          That was an interesting match.         (Adj)

          They have been abusing him for nothing.   (V)

          Seeing him, I cannot help laughing.            (V)

 



I saw a man carrying a monkey.        (Adj)

Swimming boy is my friend.             (Adj)

He is swimming in the river.             (V)

I saw him drinking.                           (V)

I found her reading.                           (V)

This is a reading room.                     (Adj)

Playing children make great noise.    (Adj)

He is playing Hockey.                       (V)

 

 

b)      Past Participle      :        3rd form

          He has written a letter.            (V)

          Give me the written statement.         (Adj)

 

          The gov’t. has retired him.      (V)

          Ali is a retired major.              (Adj)

 

          This glass is broken  by the servant.          (V)

          This is a broken chair.             (Adj)

 

          I heard a beautiful song sung by Nahid Akhtar.   (V)

 

Note: Gerund, infinitive and participle are called double parts of speech.

 

VERB

DEFINITION

“This is a word which expresses an action performed or suffered by the subject or a state experienced by the subject.”    OR

it shows that a person or thing neamed in the subject is, does or suffers something. He reads a book. Ali is my friend.

 

KINDS

1)                Main or principal verb

It denotes an action or state (existence) of the subject.

Go-went-gone – write-wrote-written – look-looked-looked.

He is  ill. She went there.

         

2)                Helping or Auxiliary Verb    

It helps us to complete a sentence. Ali is  writing a letter. You will go there. He has finished his work.

Be, is, am, are, was, were, been, will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, have, has, had.

Some times helping verbs are not accompanied by some main verb. In such cases helping verb itself becomes main verb.

He has written a letter.            (H.V)

He has a precious watch.                  (M.V)

Anwar is reading a book.        (H.V)

Jameel is  my friend.                (M.V)

Verbs can be classified in the following way as well.

a)                Transitive verb

The verbs which can be transformed to passive voice are called transitive verbs.


b)                Intransitive verb

The verbs which can not be transformed to passive voice are called intransitive verb.

 




PREPOSITION

DEFINITION

It shows relation of one noun or pronoun to some other word. (V, N, Adj., Pron., etc).
Simple:       at, by, with, on, in, to, from, of, off, through, up, down, over, under, after, till, except, save.
Double:      into,unto, among, against, from within.
Compound:         across, amidst, behind, about, above, before, within, without, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond.
Participle:   during, regarding, owing, concerning.
Phrase:       By means of, because of, in opposition to, with a view to, instead of, with reference to.

ARTICLE
Definite Article     =       The
Indefinite Article =       A, An

Article is basically an adjective that comes with noun.
A book, an apple, the boy, the house.

INTERJECTION

DEFINITION

“It is a word (sound) to show sudden emotion. It is denoted by = !”
Hurrah!     He said, ‘Hurrah! I have passed the test.”
Alas!           She said, “Alas! My husband has died.”
Oh!             He said, “Oh! “I forgot my purse at home.”
Ah!             Ali said, “Ah! “She has left me for ever.”

 

Bravo!

Well done!  The captain said, “Bravo! You are playing well.”

Pooh!

Pish!           The rich man said, “Pooh! You are not able to accompany me.”

Lo!

Hark!         The policeman said, “Hark! The thief is in the hall.”

Ho!             The patient said, “Ho! Help me.”

What or How!

She said, “What a beautiful bird!”

PHRASE

DEFINITION

“It is a group of words which ahs some meaning but does not give complete sense.”
In the kitchen, on the table, at the end of the term, how to swim, into the river, at home in.
I left my college at the end of the term.                (Adverbial phrase)
The boy with the pale face is my cousin.             (Adjectival phrase)
Do you know how to swim.                                 (Noun phrase)


CLAUSE
DEFINITION
“If a large sentence consists of two small parts (which on being separated can become two sentences), these parts are called clauses.” Thus if two sentences on being joined, together, make a large sentence, the two parts (sentence) are called not sentences but clauses.
Every clause has its own verb.

Co-Ordinate Clauses
Clauses of equal rank and capable of standing alone as simple sentences are called co-ordinate clause.

Work hard or  you will fail.





Principal Clause
It contains the principal verb of the sentence.

Sub-Ordinate Clause
It depends on another clause to make the sense complete.
He arrived when I was leaving.                  
          P.C             S.C

A sub-ordinate clause may be a noun, an adj, an adv. clause according to the function it does.
I do not know what he likes.   (Noun clause)
The book that is in your hand is mine.       (Adj clause)
He will come when he has finished.  (Adv. clause)

CONJUNCTION
DEFINITION
“It is a word (or words) which joins words phrases, clauses, or sentences.”

KINDS
1)      CO-ORDINATING CONJ.
“They join co-ordinate words, clauses or phrases of equal rank.” 
He came here and he met me. He came to see me but I was not at home.
But, and, both, also, to, as well as, not only – but also, now, or, yet, well, either-or, neither-nor, otherwise, else, however, whereas, therefore, than, for, both-and, as-as, so-as, so-that.

2)      SUB-ORDINATING CONJ.
“They join a subordinate (dependent) clause to a principal clause.”
If, as, since, before, while, when, until, unless, as, as soon as, no sooner + do / does / did. But also, as long as, why, so long as, as much as, though-yet, lest, as if.
Ali and Aslam are friends. He did not come to college because he was ill. He may be found in the room or at the shop. Although he is rich yet he is greedy. No sooner did he leave the room than it began to rain.     
ADVERB
DEFINITION
“It qualifies all parts of speech except noun and pronoun besides, it qualifies a phrase, a clause and a sentence.”

USES

1)      TO QUALIFY A VERB
He runs fast. you speak loudly. She often  comes here. I will certainly miss you. She sings well.
2)      To qualify an adj.
He is very honest man. This officer is highly educated person. He is too weak to walk.
3)      To qualify an adv.
He runs exceedingly fast. You speak very loudly.
4)      To qualify a prep.
He will come on Sunday.
5)      To qualify a phrase
He will be soon out of the room.
6)      To qualify a clause
They fought only because they wanted wealth.
7)      To qualify a sentence
Now he is at home. Where did you go? Yes, I have met him.

KINDS

1)      Adverbs of Time
Now, then, before, since, ago, already, soon, early, late, presently, immediately, again, often, usually, always, today, yesterday, tomorrow, sometimes.
2)      Adverbs of Place
Here, there, everywhere, anywhere, nowhere, in, out, within, above, below, near, far, around, backward, forward, outside, inside.
3)      Adverbs of Manner, quality or state
Thus, so, well, ill certain, badly, slowly, silently, sadly, happily, gladly, bravely, fast.
4)      Adverbs of number
Once, twice, thrice, firstly, secondly, thirdly, never, seldom, again, sometimes, always, often.
5)      Adverbs of quantity, extent or degree
Very, much, too, enough, quite, almost, little, a little, the little, rather, somewhat, half, partly, wholly.
6)      Adverbs of Affirmation and negation
Yes, no, not, not at all, by all means.
7)      Interrogative Adverbs
When, why, how long, how often, how, where, how for
8)      Relative adverbs
As, how, then, when, where, while, why, whereas.




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English Test 1 RISE Academy

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 English Test No. 1 RISE Academy 
v  Recognition of parts of speech
v  Direction: Recognise the underlined words.
1)                  There was a huge crowd.
a)         Pronoun                                   b)         Article            
c)         Collective noun                       d)         None of these
2)                  Without happiness there is no life.
a)         Common noun                        b)         Proper Noun
c)         Collective noun                       d)         Abstract Noun
3)                  Charity is the biggest virtue
a)         Adjective                                b)         Determiner
c)         Noun                                       d)         None of these
4)                  Multan is famous for mangoes.
a)         Collective noun                       b)         Countable noun
c)         Proper nouns                           d)         None of these
5)                  I like drinking milk.
a)         Adverb                                    b)         Material noun
c)         Uncountable noun                   d)         Abstract noun
6)                  That happened a couple of days ago.
a)         Adverb                                                b)         Demon. Pronoun
c)         Adjective                                d)         None of these
7)                  This is the bat which I used yesterday.
a)         Article                                     b)         Relative pronoun
c)         Demon. Pronoun                     d)         None of these
8)                  I, myself, have accepted this challenge
a)         Possessive pronoun                 b)         Objective
c)         Reflexived pronoun                d)         None of these
9)                  You can invite any body in the party.
a)         Common noun                        b)         Interrogative pronoun
c)         Indefinite pronoun                  d)         None
10)              Happy is the adjective of
a)         Quantity                                  b)         Quality
c)         Scale                                        d)         Limit
11)              Do you feel hungry?
a)         Transitive verb                        b)         Intransitive verb
c)         Linking verb                            d)        
12)              It seems awkward.
a)         Auxiliary verb                         b)         Helping verb
c)         Linking verb                            d)        
13)              The boy is asleep.
a)         Noun                                       b)         Adjective
c)         Adverb                                    d)         None of these
14)              The teacher is concerned about the weak students.
a)         Adverbs                                  b)         Adjectives
c)         Interjections                            d)
15)              This is a lovely red chair.
a)         Pronouns                                 b)         Adverbs
c)         Adjectives                               d)         None of these
16)              He wore a beautiful cotton shirt.
a)         Pronouns                                 b)         Adjectives
c)         Nouns                                      d)         None of these
17)              Steal is a                       verb.
a)         Regular                                    b)         Irregular
c)         Linking                                    d)         None of these
18)              I have come to see you.
a)         Jerund                                     b)         Infinitives
c)         Participate 
19)              He is too weak to walk.
a)         Adverb                                                b)         Compliment
c)         Adjective                                d)         None of these
20)              He enjoys walking.
a)         Participate                               b)         Jerund
c)         Infinitives                                d)        
21)              He sings a song elegantly.
a)         Adjective                                b)         Infinitive
c)         Adverb of manner                   d)        
22)              They accepted this offer in the meeting.
a)         Adverbial                                b)         Compliment
c)         Infinitives
23)              We should stay at this hotel.
a)         Present participal                     b)         Jerunds
c)         Infinitives                                d)         None of these 
24)              Swimming is a good habbit.
a)         Linking verb                            b)         Jerund
c)         Participate                               d)        
25)              Do not use stolen goods.
a)         Transitive verb                        b)         Present participate
c)         Past participates                      d)        

v  COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING CHART.


Sr.
No.
NOUN
VERB
ADJECTIVE
1
?
Think

2
?

Slow
3
Visualization
?
?
4
?
Relieve

5
?
Flatter
?
6
?
Expect
?


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